Policies And Impacts In Public Health - 812 Words

Policies and Impacts The health disparities among lesbian, gay and bisexuals (LGB) in comparison to heterosexuals has been widely recognized in the literature. There are variations in health outcomes within the LGB community by gender, age, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, among other sociodemographic factors (please see, Agà ©nor, Muzny, Schick, Austin, Potter, 2017). The impact of discriminatory policies in exacerbating these disparities is a growing area of interest among social policy and public health researchers (Fish, 2008). Given the pervasiveness of these disparities, this paper explores the impact of policies on health outcomes among Black sexual minority women (SMW) within a historical context. An elucidation of the†¦show more content†¦Black SMW utilize a variety of social labels for self-identification. For instance, although the term lesbian and bisexual is utilized most frequently in the literature, Black women utilize a variety of labels other than lesbian, such as â⠂¬Å"same-gender loving† or â€Å"stud†, to express their sexual orientation (Ramsey, Hill, Kellam, 2010). Similarly, â€Å"Black† and â€Å"African American† are often used interchangeably to designate people of African descent. The term Black is a racial classification, whereas African-American is seen as referring to Americans descended from slaves forcibly brought to the United States (US) from Africa (Martin, 1991; Mio, Barker, Tumambing, 2012). It has been noted that the term â€Å"Black† is used more often by the Black community in the US (Goodwin, 1990); however, the terms â€Å"Black† or â€Å"African American† compete on a near equal footing as the preferred term among Americans of distant African ancestry (Sigelman, Tuch, Martin, 2005). As such, the term Black will be utilized for the purpose of this paper. Before the Affordable Care Act Exploiting Black Bodies in Advancing Medicine, Pre-Civil War. Historically, the social, legal and religious mistreatment of racial and sexual minorities, amongst others, has been well-documented, and persists across the world today. During the years of slavery, Black slaves were often subjected to excruciating medical experiments. Most famously,Show MoreRelatedObesity : A Social And Economic Impact On Public Health Policy Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as the excessive body fat accumulation that negatively impacts adult health conditions. Overweight and obese BMI is between 25 and 30 and 30. In 2010, obesity is a major public health issue that affects one million overweight adults and 400 million obese worldwide. 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Throughout my life, three characteristics have driven my goals and choices: (1) an appetite for travel and broad exploration; (2) an enjoyment of problem solving; and (3) a deep-seated desire for equity and justice. For as long as I can remember, it has been my goal to integrate these three core values into my career, and they have fueled me to become a moreRead MorePublic Managing Competing Agendas : The United States Department Of Health And Human Services Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2: Public Administration- Managing Competing Agendas The United States Department of Health and Human Services is an organization which plays an essential role within the policy issues concerning the Healthcare Reform Act. The Department of Health and Human Services goal is to protect the health of all Americans. Thus for providing adequate and essential human services, especially for those who are incapable of doing so for themselves. 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The Reasons Why People Drop out of University. - 571 Words

The reasons why people drop out of university are many. Each year millions of people join university in hopes of a bright future. But some choose to dropout. Whatever the reason, dropping out is a big decision and needs a great deal of consideration. Some of the reasons why people drop out of university are because they cannot handle the finances, the academic pressure they face and loss of interest. The number one reason why people drop out of university is because they cannot handle the finances. Some are not able to pay the college fees anymore. They may be working part-time jobs to pay for their college education. If they lose their jobs and can’t get another one they may be left with no choice but to drop out of the university. Others may be supporting their families and have other expenses making them quit university. Some may dropout because they no longer get any financial assistance. They may lose grants or scholarships from college that helped ease their financial burden before. Parents may be unable to help them anymore due to health and family expenses, other personal problems or emergencies. Another reason why people drop out of university is because of the academic pressure they face. Some may find the academic program too hard. With time it can get difficult to maintain a good grade point average. Some colleges offer remedial courses and other assistance for weaker students. But with all the help that the college provides they may be stillShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : High School1357 Words   |  6 Pageshappens, grades tend to fall and when grades tend to fall it usually means you’re not doing what you’re supposed to be doing, and when you’re paying thousands of dollars for an education most people can’t afford to take college as a game being played. For most students they don’t have a choice but to drop out because of all these outcomes. 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Englres Outline free essay sample

I. Introduction What is E-marketing /social network marketing/online advertising? Ever since the start of trading among humans, marketing has been around in one form or another. They used marketing as stories to convince others to trade with them. Since then, our methods of using marketing has now been long improved. It has grown to be more efficient at telling our marketing messages out there in the open (Harridge, 2004). E-marketing is the product between our modern age technologies and the old traditional marketing principles. It is the use of the Internet and the electronic media in aiding one’s product or service to be known. Needless to say, using these approach is an important addition to the traditional marketing path whatever the size of your business may be. Similar to traditional marketing, e-marketing uses startegies, activites, and processes to the right audience with the desire of finding, appealing, and sustaining buyers. The only difference is that e-marketing is more broad in terms of its scope and options (Harridge, 2004). It uses the internet for marketing and promotions, not only that, it also uses e-mail and wireless media for marketing use. Examples of e-marketing are interactive online ads, viral marketing, online directories, and the like. 1. 1 Overview The Internet gives way for businesses to have an accesible and systematic course to let their products or services visible to consumers. But nowadays, it is very challenging for businesses to e-market and to have it have an effect on their sales and also to their product’s or service’s awareness since a huge number of companies are also taking advantage of the Internet. In this paper, we will research on how and why e-marketing became so in demand amongst businesses. I. 1 Purpose To have a clear understanding of the significance of e-Marketing today and why it became so popular. I. 2 Motivation Interactivity Traditional marketing is solely for letting the message of a brand known, while e-maketing on the other hand aids the conversation between the businesses and the consumers. With this kind of business to consumers and vice versa communication channel, the businesses can now have an idea on what they need to work on and imporve more on with the help of the responses made by the consumers through the said channel. With this, the businesses can also feed off of the feedback of their consumers, making them look more charismatic and flexible (Dou, 2009). Immediacy E-marketing can also give an immediate impact on ways never imagines before. Imagine yourself browsing through one of your favorite magazines and you suddenly came upon a double-page advertisment for some new product or service, maybe from Blackberry’s latest phone offering, Prada’s newly released line or Ferrari’s latest luxury sportscar. Using this kind of traditional marketing media, it’s not that simple for you as a consumer to hear of the product’s actual purchase (Dou, 2009). Using e-marketing, it is now simple and easy to let the consumer’s know about the product’s actual purchase or even let the consumer’s buy the actual product. With a few short clicks, consumers can now order the lastest phone offering from Blackberry, making their business open for 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. I. 3 Organization The first thing that we will be discussing is why business adopts to E-marketing. Why a huge number of companies are now transferring most of their advertising budget on online marketing or also known as E-marketing rather than that of the old traditional marketing in magazines, newspapers, and the like. Second, we will be talking about of the impact of E-marketing today. It’s advantages and disadvantages, and also the opportunities and threats that can bring into a company. Lastly, how using social networks can facilitate in the buying decision of the consumers. We will be discussing of the reasons why social networking sites are a helpful approach in the business’s profit, how it can sell its product with the help of the feedbacks or recommendations seen in the Internet. How it will make or break their profit. II. Body II. 1 Why Businesses Adopt to E-marketing Traditional marketing made on prints and broadcast media had encountered so much challenges in the recent years. With newspaper prints are closing and television channels having ordeals from profits going down. A significant reason for this is because of the huge numbers of businesses and companies investing their budgets on online channels aside from the usual ones. A research by Forrester Jennings (2007) showed that the consumer’s attention is now shifting to online channels as 56 percent of people who are regularly online at home. And an estimate of 36 percent who are internet users, now watch less TV, 28 percent read less newspapers and magazines, and 17 percent listen less to radio stations since they went online. Nowadays, online advertising has now been the recipients of budgets related to advertising, coming from banner advertisements placed on websites that are frequently visited, from personalized e-mails in which it can be edited depending on the needs and wants of their target consumers. Businesses’s goals is for their product or service to be at the heart of the community, that’s why a huge number of businesses are now developing their own websites, blogs, and forums online. With Web 2. 0, businesses are now given opportunities for them to get in touch and closer with their target market, this also includes data and information collecting; community sponsoring; and content providing such as news, music, and the like (Miller et al. , 2009). However, sometimes it can be challenging for a business tocatch the heart of a community since a business’s major goal is to use and manipulate communication to their advantage. That’s why it is important for businesses to not only know but also understand which demographic segment uses the Internet the most. They have to undertsand the characterisitics of the internet-user for them to be able to design and come up wiith an effective and appropriate marketing approach to their target audience. Varadajaran and Yadav (2002) expalined that the use of Internet marketing complements the performance and capability of the marketing mix element , which are price,placement, product, and promotion, except the handling of the distribution itself of none-electronic product’s focal point is the shifting of the traditional marketplace to the non-traditional one, which is the web, which both has real-life and electronic marketplace. While Kalyanana and McIntyre (2002) says that e-marketing compared to the traditional marketing, has 7 more elements that are thought to be needed for businesses who are going to use e-marketing, this includes, customers service, privacy, site, community, security, personalization, and lastly, sales promotion. II. 2 Impact of E-marketing a. Generating Leads With Social Media Marketing b. Social Network Marketing Pitfalls c. Social Network Marketing Opportunities d. Social Network Marketing Threats II. 3 Using Social Networks to Facilitate Purchase Decision Making Social networking websites have a subjective purpose in aiding product choices, whether for a consumer to decide to buy or not. It is common knowledge that peer groups have a greater effect and influence over a buyer’s purchasing decision and a buyer’s behavior have recently shown that peer groups almost always has an effect on the final outcome. A lot of evidence has indicated that when contrasting the difference between professional or personal services, consumers are likely to listen for information or feedbacks coming from their families, friends, relative, and other personal contacts rather than that of a company’s own review of its own product or service. But let’s not also forget that positive word-of-mouth recommendations that came from the customers or buyer who had an exceptional experience with the certain company plays a role for the success or downfall of a business. Therefore, the goal of a business is to maintain the flow of positive feedbacks through positive word-of-mouth recommendations and lessen the negative ones. Base on a study conducted, there is evidence reported that 64 percent of social networkers are likely to visit a page or website coming or knowing it from a friend’s site, while on the other hand, only 10 percent are likely to visit a website by direct referral from a social networking site if it’s an entertainment or music website (Hitwise, 2008). Nowadays, businesses are coming to realize that e-marketing is an increasingly important marketing strategy because traditional marketing has been less effective in influencing consumer behavior by the decreasing number of readers in conventional mediums like magazines and newspapers (Leskovec, 2008). There are also evidences seen that messages or feedbacks coming from online forums or communities are being trusted more compared than that of feedbacks coming from conventional mediums (Gillin, 2007). It was also reported that almost half of the internet-users will most likely buy a product or service if they saw a positive feedback or recommendation online from a customer/buyer, while reportedly, 34 percent of online-users did not buy a certain product or service due to the negative feedbacks they came upon online. It is also said that online-users tend to trust feedbacks or recommendations coming from online sources/e-marketing, rather than that of a feedback coming from a conventional source. To further show this proof, they conducted a survey showing that 25 percent of internet-users trusted a feedback coming from a well-known/famous web site, and 15 percent trusted the feedbacks coming from individual personal blogs of their friends or someone they knew. While on the other hand, only 14 percent of internet-users trusted a feedback coming from a newspaper article, 9 percent on a television commercial advertisement, 8 percent on a review on the company’s own blog, 4 percent on an e-mail sent by a company, and 2 percent on an e-mail sent to them by the CEO of the company (Mandell, 2009) . 3. Discussion

Malvolio character assessment Essay Example

Malvolio character assessment Paper Malvolio shows a lot of arrogance in this act because he believes everything revolves around him, for example, M. O. A. I. This is because he scrambles around the letters like an anagram to form some of the letters of his name in the correct order. This also shows that he self-obsessed and ignorant as this letter was written in what looked like Olivias writing so he was sure that it must have had something to do with him even though it had no proper signature and it may have had nothing to do with him at all. Malvolio as a steward is a spoil-sport as he stops Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste from eating drinking, coming in late and last but not least enjoying themselves with songs and jokes. He does not enjoy fun as such, as he says in a sarcastic tone of voice this is much credit to you, when they sing a song about him. He is a bit of a boaster, to be Count Malvolio. This shows that he boasts about his position in the house as if it were higher than it actually is. Lastly he also believes that Olivia loves him and will marry him as he says that, the Lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe. By this he is implying that he likes Olivia and his mock-grandiose manner becomes clear in this scene. Maria accurately notes that Malvolio cons State without book, meaning that he uses high-flown language without necessarily knowing its proper meaning. Malvolio resorts to legalistic-type language when berating the group for their merry-making. We will write a custom essay sample on Malvolio character assessment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Malvolio character assessment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Malvolio character assessment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He notes their lack of mitigation or remorse in their misdemeanours. Likely, Malvolio is not acting of Olivias will, as he claims to be, he is such a high-strung and officious character that his chastisement of the party is not out of the range of his ordinary behaviour. Malvolio is very much the puritan, as the party well knows, he dislikes parties, drinking, merriment of all sorts, and Sir Toby, Maria, Feste, and Sir Andrew openly resent Malvolio trying to put a damper on their high spirits. Although some of the groups dislike of Malvolio stems from his kill-joy behaviour, their characterisation of him, as overly proud, puritan, and meddling is correct in most respects. Maria tries to get them to be quiet, but Malvolio is awakened by the noise, and comes down to berate them for disturbing the household. Once Malvolio leaves, Maria concocts a plan to make Malvolio look like a complete fool: since Marias handwriting is similar to Olivias, she will write love letters to Malvolio and make it look like the letters have come from Olivia. The party decides to try this out and see if it will work. His soaring high opinion of himself allows him to believe what he wants to, because of this he misunderstands everything Olivia says. When she instructs him to go to bed to sleep off his madness he believes she means to go to bed with her, Ill come to thee. Olivia shows concern for her loyal servant and asks for special care of her fellow. He also takes these words the wrong way and launches into a great speech about how she recognises him as her social equal and fellow. The scheme has succeeded to make Malvolio look completely foolish but the tricksters then begin to take things a little too far when they accuse him of being possessed. When Olivia departs the trick is rendered a success as Malvolio hath taken the infection of the device and fallen for it. The audience is reminded of Malvolios snobbishness, go off, I discard you. This only encourages the kinsmen and servants pretend they believe he is a lunatic, possessed by the devil, bewitched and attempt to convince Malvolio himself that he is mad, defy the devil. They wind him up and pretend to be concerned by calling him childishly affectionate names like chuck and biddy. Malvolio senses that they are ridiculing him, and getting annoyed he almost stoops to their element by telling them to be proud about all aspects of himself, to such an extent that he is greatly bordering on superciliousness. Overall, with taking into consideration the negative and truly objectionable aspects of Malvolio, it can be seen that he does in fact need to be taught a lesson about the downfalls of his disdainful ways. The fact that he is so totally self-satisfied, means that convincing him of anothers love (i. e. Olivias) is easy to achieve. The letter written by Maria in Olivias hand refers subliminally to each of Malvolios character weaknesses and consequently ensures that he is fooled by its meanings. His vanity and value of appearance are both fed by the order to wear: Yellow stockings ever cross gartered. While his lack of humour and proposing his puritan lifestyle is his vanity. He also takes pride in his physical appearance should she fancy, it would be one of my completion which tells us that he thinks he is a person who is admired; he is generally happy with himself. When all of this adds up it can be seen he needs to be taught a lesson. The revenge take the form of letter written by Maria in her ladys hand, convinces Malvolio that Olivia loves him. The letter also says that if he wishes to be with Olivia that he is to smile and wear yellow stockings, which are cross gartered. Now if we look at the play we see why this was a very clever trick, Countess Olivia had just lost her brother and he used to wear yellow stockings. For example, in Malvolios fantasies, and sometimes separate from their clothing as Orsino finds himself becoming increasingly closer to Cesario. Malvolio not only disguises himself on the outside, but at the same time he is asked to disguise his personality by coming before her smiling. Olivia is still in mourning at this stage for her brother and father, thus making his smiles even more out of place and bizarre to her. Maria flatters him in the letter by saying thy smiles become thee well. This personality may be a disguise, although it may also be Malvolios true character that he has been forced to oppress because of his situation in the house and status in society. The new-found confidence he is given in receiving this letter maybe instead of asking him to change his personality, is really letting him show his true self that he has been hiding behind a front of hostility. Malvolio may have been masking himself previously, and now he is given the chance to remove this guise. Maria also orders him to be surly to the servants and opposite with a kinsman. Olivias kinsman is Sir Toby, so Malvolio takes this to mean that he is free to be rude and disrespectful of him, and thinks that Olivia wants him to do this to show his love for her. This is likely to only make her dislike him more- the point of Marias plan. The rest of the crew are hiding in the box tree and listening to every word he is saying about them. This does not encourage them to be lenient with Malvolio. After witnessing Malvolios egoistic fantasies, we can see why he is so easily duped by Marias letter. Ironically the man who once put down the clown (Feste) is now becoming the clown himself as he reads out coarse puns: These be her very Cs, her Us and her Ts; and thus makes her great Ps. Malvolio is convinced that Olivia is deeply in love with him but doesnt know how to tell him. In the letter Maria makes Malvolio believe that Olivia is asking him to wear yellow stockings as a sign that he loves her, a style which she in fact detests. Even though these items are not usually included in Malvolios sombre attire he is desperate to please the countess: I will be strange, stout, in yellow stockings and cross-gartered, even with the swiftness of putting on. Jove and my stars be praised! We must remember that Malvolio is still a Puritan who does not believe in love and happiness. He therefore convinces himself that it is the work of Jove that has brought this occurrence about.

Fats Navarro Essays - Savoy Records Artists, Fats Navarro

Fats Navarro Fats Nnavarro Early Background The story begins in Key West, Florida where Theodore Fats Navarro was born of mixed Cuban-Black-Chinese parentage on September 24, 1923. His musical training began early with piano lessons at age six, but he did not start taking music seriously until he took up the trumpet at age thirteen. He became good during his high school years. He also played tenor saxophone and played briefly with Walter Johnson's band in Miami. Apparently Fats did not care much for Key West. He was once quoted as saying I didn't like Key West at all. I'll never go back. So, after graduating high school, he joined Sol Allbrights's band in Orlando, so Fats traveled with him to Cincinnati, and took further trumpet lessons from an Ohio teacher. He then went on the road with Snookum Russell's Indianapolis orchestra. Russell's group, a band well known in the area in the 1940s, proved to be very good for Fats. It was a place where he developed, experimented, and made mistakes that no one would remember before headin g on to the national stage. Fats stayed with Russell for about two years (1941-42) and became their trumpet soloist. Fats worked next with Andy Kirk and his Kansas City Clouds of Joy. Here he made a friendship with trumpeter Howard McGhee. Fats role in the Andy Kirk band explains this story retold by Billy Eckstine describing how Fats moved over to his band. Dizzy Gillespie left my band in Washington, D.C. He told me to go over to hear Andy Kirk, because there was a fellow with Kirk named Fats Navarro. 'Take a listen to him,' said Dizzy, 'he's wonderful!' So I went out to the club, and the only thing Fats had to blow was behind a chorus number. But he was wailing behind this number, and I said to myself, 'This is good enough this'll fit.' So I got Fats to come by and talk it over, and about two weeks after that he took Dizzy's chair, and take it from me, he came right in ... Great as Diz is ... Fats played his book and you would hardly know that Diz had left the band. 'Fat Girl' played Dizzy's solos, not note for note, but his ideas on Dizzy's parts and the feeling was the same and there was just as much swing. Eckstine's band was very successful, due to Eckstine's romantic vocals, and the most musically advanced voice. Besides Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, the band included at one time or other during a four year span a lineup of future stars that is very well known in all of jazz: Kenny Dorham, Miles Davis, Dexter Gordon, Wardell Gray, Gene Ammons, Lucky Thompson, Bud Johnson, Frank Wess, Charlie Rouse, Sonny Stitt, Leo Parker, Cecil Payne, Tadd Dameron, Jerry Valentine, Tommy Potter, Art Blakey, and Sarah Vaughan were some of the more famous to pass through the band. The End Comes Somewhere along the way, Fats contracted tuberculosis, which is usually a slow developing malady. The combination of his drug habit, and the TB led to a sharp decline in his health and a decrease of his musical activity over the last seventeen months of his life. He nevertheless went on the road one last time with the Jazz at the Philharmonic tour for about seven weeks in February and March of 1949. Fats had been described as coughing uncontrollably and appearing physically drained during this period. Theodore Fats Navarro died on July 7, 1950 in a New York City hospital. Music Essays

The effects of Rebellion on Contemporary Music †Music Research Paper

The effects of Rebellion on Contemporary Music – Music Research Paper Free Online Research Papers The effects of Rebellion on Contemporary Music Music Research Paper Throughout history, music has perhaps been one of the most influential elements in different cultures and societies. Music has become a universal language in which individuals of all sexes, races and ethnic backgrounds are able to unite and relate with one another through for a common purpose. The ancestry of music is one of the earliest forms of communication that has served as a tool for entertainment as well as holding educational purposes (Pleasants 1955:7). Over time, thousands of different styles and genres have evolved to make up the diverse world of music that is available for different preferences and interests. With this said, it is understandable that there are many different perceptions and interpretations that have a large impact on contemporary music. Each and every one of us has our own preferences for different beats, rhythms and lyrics that are valuable to ourselves however seem distasteful and possibly obnoxious to others. In these following paragraphs we will further examine the concept of rebellion within the musical institution and how it in fact plays a significant role on the evolution of contemporary music. The definition of music is highly variable across different cultures, age groups and audiences. Different sounds and patterns are interpreted and understood in different ways depending on one’s preferences, interests and choice of individual expression (Brackett 1995:24). These opinions are what motivate composers to continue creating new and innovative rhythms, tempos, tones and styles. The expansion of musical movements has reached great heights in the 1900’s with the emergence of genres such as Techno in the late 60’s, Punk Rock in the 1970’s, and also Reggae (Borthwick Moy 2004:42). Each of these movements has evolved with new ideas, technologies, artists, and audiences. Rebellion is a commonality to all of these different movements and is responsible for the uniqueness of each genre. It is a concept that often is perceived with a negative connotation while in fact it is a form of expression that is used all the time to convey new ideas. The true definition of rebellion is â€Å"An act or a show of defiance toward authority or an established convention† (Salzman 1988:8). This description is perhaps why so many people often consider elements of rebellion as being destructive and vicious when in fact rebellion in music is a significant source for innovation. It is depicted through aspects such as fashion, hair styles, drugs, sex, art and politics. Each different period in musical history represents a plethora of new ideas, opinions and attitudes that are expressed through various forms of rebellion that has permitted the emergence and existence of so many brilliant advances in contemporary music. The late 1960’s was a period in musical history that marks great shifts in political, technological and social norms. This period in history also known as the â€Å"Summer of Love† is responsible for the explosion of what is known as Psychedelia (Borthwick Moy 2004:43). During this time, people started breaking free of the traditional attitudes and norms that had existed for so long. This genre is an amalgamation of various components including jazz, folk, RB as well as classical tones (Borthwick Moy 2004:44). The era was full of social reformation and alterations from the mainstream, traditional life. In cities across the world, particularly for the British population who was recovering from repercussions of The Second World War, this was a significant time in which individuals were able to experiment with new music, people and culture. With rising employment levels and the increase in wages, drugs were being integrated for the first time into the social scene at a rapid rate (BorthwickMoy 2004:45). London earned its name â€Å"Swinging London† during this time because of society’s overall rebellion towards the mainstream moral (Borthwick Moy 2004: 54). Adolescents became more outspoken, open- minded and eager to adopt different attitudes. The former fashion was now being replaced with different hair styles, costumes and general clothing that fit the psychedelic scene. Bright colors, fabrics and patterns that accentuated the unique aura of this period were prevalent among both the artists and the audience (Borthwick Moy 2004:54). The Psychedlic phase lasted only a few years, and yet the impact on contemporary music is apparent in many forms presently. The studio effects and instrumental achievements that resulted from this period are still used by composers today. Recording elements such as ADT, phasing and fuzztone are all products of this time and are still incorporated in the production of a variety of music (Borthwick Moy 2004: 57). More than just the audible and physical elements of the psychedelic era are apparent in cultures across the world today. The attitudes regarding politics and alternative lifestyle are still very much prevalent in our society (Brackett 1995:26). Punk Rock is another movement that is has had a great impact on contemporary music. Punk or ‘garage’ flourished in the 1970’s and grew tremendously within just a few months (Borthwick Moy 2004:79). Punk is identified by its loud noise, rhythm, intensity and often times violent tones (Salzman1988: 201). It originated as a reaction to political issues of the time, and an overall frustration to the post war concerns especially in the UK (Borthwick Moy 2004:78). Through the music, adolescents were able to overtly verbalize their discouragement and aggravations with the social and economic troubles that had transpired during this time. The lyrics of Punk were often controversial and addressed contentious matters within society. Bands such as Sex Pistols’ and Buzzcocks’ were renowned for their radical lyrics and extreme undertones (Borthwick Moy 2004: 81). The developing Punk community thrived on their freedom, autonomy and individuality. The fashion that was adopted by this community was everything but conventional and was another way for this culture to suggest their independence. Articles of clothing displaying swastikas and often offensive slogans were standard modes for voicing passionate opinions and attitudes. Fifties sunglasses, leather jackets, and an overall ‘grunge’ look was a universal way for the Punk community to support the tough reputation that they ascertained (Borthwick Moy 2004: 83). The degree of rebellion throughout the Punk society was a bit more profound than that of other music styles throughout history. The intensity and passion that is rooted in this movement has been recognized and admired for its impact on contemporary music (Brackett 1995:25) . The philosophy behind punk has been incorporated into other styles of music such as rap and techno (Borthwick Moy 2004:92). The emphasis on limited resources and simplicity that is grounded in Punk Rock has also been incorporated in new developments such as New Wave, Goth, Oi!, and Anarcho-punk. Even though the concept of this genre originated years ago, its influence over punk bands and punk rock can be seen in many different aspects of the culture today. The late 1960’s is also a benchmark for yet another great advancement in music. Reggae, also known as ‘Roots’ is a rhythmic form of Jamaican music which incorporates various elements from Africa and Europe (Borthwick Moy 2004:99). The lyrics found in this style are greatly reflective of Rastafarianism and accentuates Jamaica’s political and cultural independence from the United States and Europe (Borthwick Moy 2004:108). While the context of Reggae was extremely significant for the African community and exposed strong emotional reflections of monumental events such as slavery, the lyrics were more peaceful and largely focused on anti- violence. With the deterioration of the sugar and banana markets, Jamaica began falling into a period of economic disaster (Borthwick Moy 2004:109). As a reaction to these harsh times, the society turned to music for emotional relief. Afro-centrism and communality became the focal point for the general morale of the Ra stafarian community at this time. Over the years, the influence of Roots spread and encouraged the emergence of subunits such as Lover’s Rock, Dub, Rocker’s and The British Style (Borthwick Moy 2004:110). Style was another aspect of Reggae that was unique to the Rastafarian culture. The visual elements of this period were a large part of the communal atmosphere that played such a significant role in the industry. Images, colors and drawings are very popular forms of representation that are incorporated in almost all artifacts relating to this genre (Everything 2005). The outline of Africa is often times depicted on albums as with the red, green and gold colors of the African Flag. Dreadlocks, wigs, big jewelry, and flashy clothing are all part of the attire that represents the Reggae movement (Borthwick Moy 2004:108). In contrast to some other genres, this unique style of this period never truly faded. The 1990’s sparked a revival in Reggae production after the death of Bob Marley in 1981 (Everything 2005). The influence of both the music as well as the aesthetic elements is still apparent across different cultures today. Popular artists still incorporate elements of Jamai can Rap and dancehall into influential contemporary music (Borthwick Moy 2004:111). The world of music has been changing, evolving and improving ever since the first note was played. It has become a second language for so many people in which social, cultural and political contexts are shared, interpreted and revolutionized through passing generations. With every new artist, song, lyric and beat that is created, we unknowingly open so many doors for further improvements. Accentuating differences and diversity is essential to the further development of influential music. Rebellion in a sense is another form of constructive criticism when it is applied and interpreted in the appropriate manner. It has played a significant role in the progression of ideas, concepts, styles, technologies and so many other elements critical to contemporary music. Rebellion is a freedom that has proven to have profound benefits on the progression of the musical industry. It is imperative for the advancement of music all together, that individuals take the initiative to raise questions ag ainst tradition, and challenge mainstream society. Borthwick Moy (2004). Popular Music Genres. Edinburgh, University Press. Pp. 42-60, 77-118 Brackett, David (1995). Interpreting Popular Music. Cambridge, NY, Cambridge University Press. Pp.19-27 Pleasants, Henry (1955). The Agony of Modern Music. New York, Simon and Schuster NY. Pp. 4-15 Salzman, Eric (1988). Twentieth Century Music. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall. Pp. 5-9, 201-211 The History of Reggae Music. (Online) New Dancehall Magazine. Available from: everytingjamaican.com (Accessed 08/10/2005). 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Critically analyse the requirements for protecting the shape of a Essay

Critically analyse the requirements for protecting the shape of a product as a registered trademark and as a registered design u - Essay Example Critically Analyse the Requirements for Protecting the Shape of a Product as a Registered Trademark and as a Registered Design under EU Law By Student Name Course Institute Date Introduction Intellectual property rights protection and enforcement are usually left to national laws of the EU member states. However, as a result of the common market principles, the EU has increasingly harmonized intellectual property protection and enforcement. ... n the Regulation relative to the Community designs as they have direct effect in the Community whereas Directives provide the content that Member states are required to implement into law.11 However, since a number of important cases were decided under the EC Directive on the harmonization of trademarks, the EC Directive and Regulation will be discussed relative to the EU’s trade mark law and protection of shapes. This paper will be divided into two main parts. The first main part of this paper will discuss and analyse the EC Regulation and Directive and case law relative to the registered protection of shapes as a registered design. The second main part of this paper will discuss and analyse EC Regulation and Directive and case law relative to the registered protection of shapes as a registered. The Requirements for Protection of Shapes as Registered Design By definition a design is a â€Å"legal instrument† that provides protection for â€Å"creations that take the f orm of the external shape of products or of parts of products†.12 However, in order to be a registered design and to be accorded Community protection, the shape must be â€Å"new† and have â€Å"individual character†.13 Even where the shape is new and has individual character, and forms part of a design, it must be â€Å"visible during normal use†.14 Normal use is defined as â€Å"use by the end user,† and does not include â€Å"maintenance, servicing or repair work†.15 The visibility rule is obviously meant to ensure that any part of the design or any shape to which protection is sought as a registered design, must be seen by those who use the product. After all, one of the main functions of intellectual property protection is to prevent imitations and free riding off the reputation and labour of another.16